How Things Are

Wednesday 18-20 at L208, 2nd floor of 2, rue de Candolle (where the department is).

Thursday 18-20 at L208, 2nd floor of 2, rue de Candolle (where the department is).

The papers are protected by a password. Ask me for it.

Plan

To visualise .pdf documents, use the Adobe Acrobat Reader.

date	topic/handout	to read	also of interest
23.2.	Introduction: three distinctions		"Introduction" (ch. 0)
24.2.	Ontological dependence and priority	Fine 1994, "Essence and Modality"	"Varieties of determination" (ch. 1)
2.3.	Grounding, causation, parthood	Schaffer 2010, "Monism: the Priority of the Whole"	"Varieties of determination" (ch. 1)
3.3.	Contingent Essence	Almog 1991, "The What and the How"	"Essence" (ch. 2)
4.-5.3.	First workshop: Grounding and determination		All welcome!
9.3.	Amodal supervenience	Leuenberger 2008, "Supervenience in Metaphysics"	"Supervenience" (ch. 3)
10.3.	Ontological commitment and aboutness	Quine 1948, "On What There Is"	"Grounding Truth in Being" (ch. 4)
16.3.	Reference and Representation	Kaplan 1990, "Words"	"The Metaphysics of Words"
17.3.	Truthmaking -- explanation by things	Rodríguez-Pereyra 2005, "Why Truthmakers"	"Truthmaker realism" (ch. 5)
23.3.	Truthmaking is not Necessitation	Armstrong 2000, "Difficult Cases in the Theory of Truthmaking"	"Truthmaker necessitarianism" (ch. 6)
24.3.	The truthmaker argument for the existence of properties	Armstrong 1980, "'Ostrich Nominalism' or 'Mirage Realism'" Armstrong 1980, "Against 'Ostrich' Nominalism: A Reply to Michael Devitt"	"How Things Are" (ch. 7)
2.-3.4.	Second workshop: Truthmaking		All welcome!
6.4.	Propositions and the like	Iacona 2003, "Are There Propositions?"	Every Thing Is Positive McGrath 2007, "Propositions" (Stanford Encyclopedia)
7.4	Against tropes	Bacon 1997, "Tropes"	"Predicative Entities" (ch. 8)
14.4.	States of affairs	Armstrong 1993, "A World of States of Affairs"	Wetzel 2003, "States of Affairs" Predicative Entities (ch. 8)
20.4.	Intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties	Weatherson 2002, "Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties"	"Intrinsicness" (ch. 10)
21.4.	Determinables and determinates	Funkhouser 2006, "The Determinable-Determinate Relation"	"Determinable, higher-order and hypothetical properties" (ch. 9)
22.-23.4.	Third workshop: Universals and Tropes		All welcome!
4.5.	Relations	Fine, 2000. "Neutral Relations"	"Relations" (ch. 11)
5.5.	Structural properties, mixtures and extended simples	Parsons 2004, "Distributional Properties"	"Structure" (ch. 12)
11.5.	Exemplification		"Glueing things together" (ch. 13) "Unity in Diversity" (ch. 14) "Properties as Parts" (ch. 15)
18.5.	Adverbialism		"Adverbs and Events" (ch. 16) "An Adverbial Theory of TIme and Space" (ch. 17) "An Adverbial Theory of Modality" (ch. 18)
19.5.	Qua qua qua		"Reifying determination" (ch. 19) "Qua objects" (ch. 20) "Reism rules" (ch. 21)
28.-29.5.	Fourth workshop: Properties, parts, and values		All welcome!
10.-11.6.	Fifth workshop: Exemplification		All welcome!

Bits and pieces

• Buy David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. It's indispensible reading, for almost everything in metaphysics, and arguably the most important work of 20th century philosophy.
• check out the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - most of the articles are excellent!
• check out the Philosophy Compass - most of the articles in the metapyhsics section are quite good.
• check out the Metaphysics and Epistemology section of PhilPapers - most of the literature is there.
• I'm compiling a bibliography on analytic metaphysics in French - any help is greatly appreciated!
• Ted Sider's bibliographies on modality, persistence, abstract entities and metaontology.

Evaluation

Those who wish to receive the credits should :

• decide on a yes/no question, choose an answer and sketch an argument (step 1)
• send this sketch (1 page) to me, and let me suggest some readings [give me 1 week for this]
• read these and write a first draft (step 2)
• send this draft to me (10 pages) before the 31st of April, and let me suggest some changes
• write the final draft (step 3)
• send this to me, before the 31st of May if you want the marks before the end of term.

Ideally, each of the three steps should take approx. the same amount of time and effort.

Readings

Introduction: two paradigms of contemporary metaphysics

• Sider, Theodore, 2008. "Introduction". In Sider, Theodore, Hawthorne, John, and Zimmerman, Dean W., 2008. Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers

Foundations

1. ontological commitment: Quine, Willard van Orman, 1948. "On What There Is". Review of Metaphysics 2: 21-38. (reprinted in Quine 1953, Kim / Sosa 1999 and van Inwagen / Zimmerman 2008)
2. truthmaker arguments: Rodríguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo, 2005. "Why Truthmakers". In Beebee, Helen and Dodd, Julian, editors, Truthmakers, pp. 17-31. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. identity and indiscriminability: Hawthorne, John, 2003. "Identity". In Loux, Michael J. and Zimmerman, Dean W., editors, The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics, Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy, pp. 99-130. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reprinted in Hawthorne (2006,1-30)
4. truth and existence: Jackson, Frank, 1980. "Ontological Commitment And Paraphrase". Philosophy 55: 303-315
5. the grounding of modality: Shalkowski, Scott A., 1994. "The Ontological Ground of Alethic Modality". The Philosophical Review 103: 669-688
6. the modal account of essence: Fine, Kit, 1994. "Essence and Modality". In Tomberlin, James E., editor, Philosophical Perspectives 8: Logic and Language, pp. 1-16. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers. The Second Philosophical Perspectives Lecture
7. the modal account of supervenience: Leuenberger, Stephan, 2008. "Supervenience in Metaphysics". Philosophy Compass 3: 749-762.
8. the danger of conventionalism: Sidelle, Alan,1989. Necessity, Essence and Individuation: A Defense of Conventionalism. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ch. 1 and 2

Properties

1. the truthmaker argument for properties:
   • Devitt, Michael, 1980. "'Ostrich Nominalism' or 'Mirage Realism'". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61:433-439 (in Mellor / Oliver 1999)
   • Armstrong, David M., 1980. "Against 'Ostrich' Nominalism: A Reply to Michael Devitt", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61: 440-449. (in Mellor / Oliver 1999)
2. universals vs. tropes: Bacon, John 1997. "Tropes". In Zalta, Edward N., editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, California: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information. Version of February 19, 1997, substantially revised February 27, 2008
3. states of affairs vs. events: Wetzel, Thomas, 2003. "States of Affairs". In Zalta, Edward N., editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, California: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information. Version of July 17,2003
4. intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties: Weatherson, Brian, 2002. "Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties". In Zalta, Edward N., editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, California: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information. Version of January 5, 2002, substantially revised July 25, 2006
5. Intrinsic/extrinsic vs. relational/non-relational: Humberstone, Lloyd, 1996. "Intrinsic/extrinsic", Synthese 108, 2:205--267
6. properties and relations: Fine, Kit, 2000. "Neutral Relations". The Philosophical Review 109: 1-33
7. properties and their causal rôles: Hawthorne, John, 2001. "Causal Structuralism". In Tomberlin, James E., editor, Philosophical Perspectives 15: Metaphysics, pp. 361-378. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers. Reprinted in Hawthorne (2006, 211-227)
8. determinable and determinate properties: Funkhouser, Eric, 2006. "The Determinable-Determinate Relation". Noûs 40: 548-569

Metaphysical glue

1. bundle theories: Simons, Peter M., 1994. "Particulars in Particular Clothing: Three Trope Theories of Substance". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54: 553-557
2. substratum theories: Adams, Robert Merrihew, 1974. "Theories of Actuality". Noûs 8: 211-231.
3. Leibniz' principle again, adverbial modification: Hawthorne, John, 2006b. "Plenitude, Convention, and Ontology". In Hawthorne (2006), pp. 53-69
4. locations: Sider, Theodore and Hawthorne, John, 2002. "Locations". Philosophical Topics 30: 53-76. Reprinted in Hawthorne (2006, pp. 31-52, reserved)
5. aspects and respects: Baxter, Donald L. M., 1989. "Identity in the Loose and Popular Sense". Mind 97: 575-582

Objects

1. mereological essentialism: Chisholm, Roderick M., 1973. "Parts as Essential to Their Wholes". Review of Metaphysics 26: 581-603. Reprinted in Chisholm (1989, 65-82), reserved
2. the puzzles of coincidence: Burke, Michael B. (1994). Dion and Theon: An Essentialist Solution to an Ancient Puzzle. Journal of Philosophy 91 (3):129-139.
3. 3- vs. 4-dimensionalism: Sider, Theodore, 1997. "Four-Dimensionalism". The Philosophical Review 106: 197-231 (cf. also Sider 2004, reserved in the library)
4. persistence - endurance vs. perdurance: Sider, Theodore, 2000. "The Stage View and Temporary Intrinsics". Analysis 60: 84-88
5. A- vs. B-theories: Zimmerman, Dean W., 2005. "The A-Theory of Time, the B-Theory of Time, and 'Taking Tense Seriously'". Dialectica 59: 401-457
6. presentism vs. eternalism: Zimmerman, Dean W., 2008. "The Privileged Present: Defending an "A-Theory" of Time". In Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics, pp. 211-225. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
7. Transworld heir lines and transworld individuals: Szabó, Zoltán Gendler, 2003. "On Qualification". In Zimmerman, Dean W. and Hawthorne, John, editors, Philosophical Perspectives 17: Language and Philosophical Linguistics, pp. 385-414. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers

Example questions

• Are identicals indiscernible?
• Are indiscernibles identical?
• Is Quine's criterion of ontological commitment a guide to one's person ontology?
• Is every truth made true by something?
• Are there falsemakers?
• If e makes it true that p, is it then nececessary that it is true that p if e exists?
• Does resemblance nominalism have an answer to the problem of universals?
• Is Bradley's regress fatal for trope theory?
• Are relations reducible to properties?
• Is Leibniz' Law compatible with the existence of change?
• Is the statue identical to the piece of marmor constituting it?
• May essence be analysed in modal terms?
• May essence be analysed in definitional terms?
• Is the constitution of a thing essential to it?
• Is the origin of a thing essential to it?
• Is Picasso qua painter identical with Picasso?

Guide to the literature

The guide in pdf.

General introductions:

• Taylor, Richard N.,1963. Metaphysics. Foundations of Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc
• Campbell, Keith,1976. Metaphysics. An Introduction. Encino and Belmont, California: Dickenson Publishing Co
• Körner, Stephan,1984. Metaphysics: its structure and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Smith, Quentin and Oaklander, L. Nathan, 1995. Time, Change and Freedom, introduction to metaphysics. London: Routledge
• Jubien, Michael, 1997. Contemporary Metaphysics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Zimmerman, Dean W. and van Inwagen, Peter, editors, 1998. Metaphysics: The Big Questions. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Loux, Michael J., 2002. Metaphysics: a contemporary introduction. London: Routledge.
• van Inwagen, Peter, 2002. Metaphysics. Dimensions of Philosophy Series. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2nd edition
• Lowe, Edward Jonathan, 2002. A Survey of Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Hetherington, Stephen Cade, 2003. Reality? Knowledge? Philosophy! - An Introduction to Metaphysics and Epistemology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
• Sider, Theodore and Conee, Earl, 2005. Riddles of Existence: A Guided Tour of Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Baldwin, Thomas, 2008. Metaphysics: Key Concepts in Philosophy. London: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd

Companions:

• Gale, Richard M., editor, 2002. The Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics. Blackwell Philosophy Guides. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Kim, Jaegwon and Sosa, Ernest, editors, 1995. Blackwell's Companion to Metaphysics. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Laurence, Stephen and Macdonald, Cynthia, editors, 1998. Contemporary Readings in the Foundations of Metaphysics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers

Handbooks:

• Loux, Michael J. and Zimmerman, Dean W., editors, 2003. The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics. Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Sider, Theodore, Hawthorne, John, and Zimmerman, Dean W., 2008. Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics. Contemporary Debates in Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers

Anthologies:

• Crane, Tim and Farkas, Katalin, editors, 2004. Metaphysics: A Guide and Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Hales, Steven D., editor, 1999. Metaphysics:Contemporary Readings. Belmont, California: Unwin
• Hoy, Ronald C. and Oaklander, L. Nathan, editors, 1991. Metaphysics: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Belmont, California: Wadsworth
• Kim, Jaegwon and Sosa, Ernest, editors, 1999. Metaphysics. An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers - includes Quine (1948), Adams (1979), Chisholm (1970) Zimmerman (1998), Prior (1970), Chisholm (1964), Frankfurt (1971)
• Loux, Michael J.,editor,1979.The Possible and the Actual:Readings in the Metaphysics of Modality. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press
• van Inwagen, Peter and Zimmerman, Dean W., editors, 2008. Metaphysics: The Big Questions. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers, 2nd edition - includes Quine (1948),
• Walsh, W.H., 1963. Metaphysics. London: Hutchinson University Library Oxford University Press

Collections:

• Chalmers, DavidJ., Manley, David, and Wasserman, Ryan, editors, 2008. Metametaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Hawthorne, John, Sider, Theodore, and Zimmerman, Dean W., editors, 2005. Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Zimmerman, Dean W., editor, 2005-2010, Oxford Studies in Metaphysics (5 volumes), Oxford: Oxford University Press

Primary texts:

• Armstrong, David 2004. Truth and Truthmakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Lewis, David K., 1986. On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Fine, Kit, 2005. Modality and Tense. Philosophical Papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Lewis, David K.,1999. Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Zimmerman, Dean W., editor, 2004. Oxford Studies in Metaphysics,volume I. Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Zimmerman, Dean W., editor, 2006. Oxford Studies in Metaphysics,volume II. Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Gale, Richard M., editor, 2002. The Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics. Blackwell Philosophy Guides. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Sider, Theodore, Hawthorne, John, and Zimmerman, Dean W., 2008. Contemporary Debates in Metaphysics. Contemporary Debates in Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers
• Hawthorne, John, 2006. Metaphysical Essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Beebee, Helen and Dodd, Julian, editors 2005, Truthmakers. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Links

• David Lewis in the movies: opening from "Slacker"
• La Pluralidad de Mundos, difusión de la filosofía
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Philosophy Compass
• Jim Pryor, Guidelines on writing a Philosophy Paper
• PhilPapers, Metaphysics and Epistemology
• Brian Weatherson, Thought Arguments and Rants
• gigapedia.com